Phoneme Confusion Essay

An under plinthing of why learners often confuse the phonemes /b/ and /d/ begins with understanding the fundamental difference between a phoneme and a grapheme. The term phoneme refers to a staple fibre sound found within a language, such as the sounds that are represented by the garner /b/ and /d/. The grapheme represents the actual symbol used to denote those sounds (Reutzel & Cooter, 2004). In most Indo-European languages, the initial sounds of the words b altogether and dog are represented by these same symbols /b/ and /d/.The problem that children normally have with these sounds lies not in their confusion of the actual sounds or phonemes, but in the similarities between the two graphemes used to represent them (Goldstein, 2007). The problem that children usually have is in figuring fall out which sound goes with which earnnot actually in differentiating the sounds themselves (Macauslan & Quinn, 1976). This can be ascertained because it is often the exemplar that children who make the mistake of mixing up the two sounds by geting usually manage to babble without replacing either phoneme with the other (Goldstein, 2007).It is usually the case, therefore, that the problem lies with the visual aspect of the grapheme itself. The earn /b/ and /d/ are both very similarly constructed each is made up of a electric circuit with a engender attached. When trying to differentiate between /b/ and /d/, children forget which side the stick should be on. Even in the phonologically aware child, each symbol sometimes succeeds in calling to psyche both the sounds associated with the two letters (Goldstein, 2007). However, the child has a problem assigning the correct sound to the kosher letter not because of an inherent reading problem, but because of an inability to properly orient the form of the letter in order to make the decision (Macauslan & Quinn, 1976).There as several formal and informal methods of transaction with this form of confusion. One method is simply to teach the letters separately. By teaching the phoneme-grapheme /b/ initially, the student is allowed to become thoroughly familiar with the letter and its makeup. This familiarity will also extend itself to the sound or phoneme that is to be associated with it. Once the student can distinguish that this (b) is the letter b (bee), then that child will be less likely to confuse it with the other. Then, one it is established that the child knows /b/ and can distinguish it from all other letters and forms, the phoneme/grapheme /d/ can be introduced.Other methods of dealing with this issue inhabit to deal with a confusion that has already surfaced. Some teachers use mnemonic devices such as the formation of the letter with the hand. By holding the middle finger and the thumb together while allowing the forefinger to stand straight up, one can approximate the formation of /b/ on the left hand and /d/ on the right. By assigning a name to each formation such as bell ringer to t he left and dog to the right, the child might be prompted to remember which letter goes with each sound by listening to the onset of each word.It may also be useful to point out the semblance between the lower and upper-case Bs. By reminding the student that the lower-case /b/ is merely a B with the upper semicircle missing, it might help oneself to remind him/her which letter corresponds with what sound. However, this may not prove generally helpful at the early ages, at which stage children are often likely to reverse all letters (including uppercase B) without readily noticing the difference.The child who is phonologically aware may still demonstrate confusion of the phonemes represented by the symbols /b/ and /d/ because of the similarity in the appearance of the two. These children may be otherwise quite able-bodied to perform the psychological and physical actions necessary to become good readers. However, such otherwise good readers may persist in confusing the two for quite a few years. The problem is not usually a great one and may be overcome using several mnemonic devices that serve to reinforce the distinction in the appearance of the two graphemes.ReferencesGoldstein, E. B. (2007). Cognitive psychology connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing.Macauslan, A. & V. Quinn. (1976). The rotation of confusable letters in the writing of depressed children. Child Care, Health and Development. 2(6) 379-386.Reutzel, D. R. & R. B. Cooter. (2004). The essentials of teaching children to read what every teacher needs to know. Upper Saddle River Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.