African American Studies Notes Essay

1. Discuss the intravenous feeding canonical thrusts of the assimilator movement which led to the founding of nasty Studies * The Civil Rights Movement (1960) * Break down the barriers of legal legal separation in public accommodations * Achieve equality and justice for barrens * Organize total darknesss into a self-conscious social extort capable of defining, defending and advancing their inte simplenesss * SNCC emerged as a vanguard group in the CR struggle.* Mobilized, form and politicized thousands of inkiness students * Politicized many White students and their leaders through recruiting and training them and bringing them to the South to work in the struggle * The Free Speech Movement (UC Berkeley, 1964) * White student protest against the rigid, restrictive and unresponsive extension of the university * Demand for civil rights on campus.* The Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1965) * General student protest against the Vietnam war and university complicity in it through it s cooperation with the government in recruitment and research and development programs * Launched by new(a) leftists, especially the Students for a Democratic Society * SNCC, Us, the Congress of Racial Equality participated * Based on opposition to* The threat the drawing posed to ghastlys and other males of color not covered by student deferment and especially susceptible in the South * The governments war against Third World liberation movements and peoples in cosmopolitan and Vietnam in particular * Fighting an unjust war for a nation depriving opprobriouss of basic and human rights * The Black Power Movement (1965) * Led to direct establishment of Black Studies * The Watts Revolt in Los Angeles.* Ushered in a new dialog astir(predicate) relations of military group in society and the university, the pervasive character of racism, and the occupy for struggle to overturn the establish golf-club and create a more than just society * accentuate the importance of self-dete rmination, fill for author, relevant gentility, cultural grounding, studying and recovering African horticulture * Organizations hard-pressed the need for the university and society to recognize the diverse cultures of the U. S.* Called on students to engage in struggle in the classrooms, on campus in general and in society to improve life of African people and society itself 2. Discuss the growing of Black Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * Led by char students * It was the rising tide of the black power movement and reflected its sense of social mission and urgency * Black students at SFSC and other campuses responded to the field activism of the Black Power Movement and the Watts Revolt.* 1966 changed their name to Black Student Union (BSU) to indicate a new individuality and direction. * Black students developed a black arts an culture series * BSU demanded a legitimate Black Studies Department funded by the college and controlled by black people brought stiff resista nce * BSU also demanded special admissions programs for a given number of black studies but it was also resisted. 3. Identify the major groups involved and the contribution of Dr. Nathan c matchlessy * In 1968, Dr.Hare, an author and former professor, was appointed to be coordinator of Black Studies * He was given the task to hammer an autonomous Black Studies Department * He was fired from Howard University for his activism in support of students and the struggle of relevant education * He crossd to stress on relevant education when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, Hare had unblemished his proposal and a program for special admission for Black students * The board of trustees continually delayed slaying of the program and it is this which led to the students strike * The university was shut down.* Eventually the students won the strike, which ended demonstrate 1969 * San Francisco State (SFSU) became the first institution of education to establish a Black Studies program and d epartment. * GROUPS INVOLVED Black Power Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, Anti-Vietnam War Movement 4. What were the earlier academic and political concerns of the advocates of Black Studies * Academic 1) concerned with traditional blanched studies. White studies was seen as inadequate and a distortion of the lives and culture of African people.White studies posed whites as the exemplary model for every superstar, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) White studies was also seen as resistant to change which was necessary for relevant education. Black Studies argued for the need to t distributively Black Studies from a black frame of mind. This slowlyr became known as Afrocentric perspective. * Political 1) concerned with the low number of blacks on campus, which was seen as racist exclusion to maintain a white monopoly.So it was demanded that special admission and recruitment efforts were slay to solve this problem. 2) Concerned with the treatment of racism. Sought o ut to exculpate blacks respected and politically involved on campus. 3) Concerned with social problems of the black confederacy and how black students and black studies could address and solve them. 5. What were the early objectives of Black Studies * To teach the Black experience in all its variedness and with special attention to history, culture, and current issues.* Black Studies ready and create a body of knowledge that contributed to intellectual and political emancipation. (Developing an intellectual and dependent mind and victimization that knowledge in the interest of Black and human freedom). * Create intellectuals who were dedicated to fraternity service and stressed the importance for Black intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and committed to Black liberation and a higher level of human life.* To nurture, maintain, and continue expansion of an equally beneficial relationship between the campus and the community. Dr. Nathan Hare We must bring community to the campus and the campus to the community. * To establish and confirm its position in the academy as a discipline essential to the educational project and to any real conception of a quality education. (Both an academic and political challenge). Chapter Two vignette Questions 4. Discuss the emergence of the Afrocentric initiative and Molefi Asantes founding role in it.* Emerging in the late 70s and finding its theoretical foundation in a work by Molefi Asante titled Afrocentricity The Theory of well-disposed Change and published in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indispensable perspective of the Black Studies project and initiated a large discourse which had both academic and social implications and consequences * Asante energized Black Studies discourse and gave a fresh and added thrust to the interest group of new research directions in Black Studies with his insistence on African location or centeredness, African agency, and an African frame of reference in resear ch and methodology and intellectual production * He became a much sought after lecturer and commentator * He defines Afrocentrism as a term apply to negate and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multiculturalism and pluralism have in everyday?* Multiculturalism can be defined as thought and practice organized around respect for human diversity * Expression in four basic ways * Mutual respect for each people and culture as a unequaled and equally valuable way of being human in the world * Mutual respect for each peoples right and indebtedness to speak their own special cultural truth and make their own unique contribution to society and the world * Mutual commitment to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity * Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing in order to build the world we all want and deserve to live in * Pluralism * Based on special values as determined by the host of society Chapter Four Studying Questions 1.What argument s does Van Sertima make to prove African presence in Olmec civilization? * Unearthed evidence like more Olmec heads, especially one at tres zapotes showing Ethiopian type braids more clay sculptures of African types which reflect the coloration and metric grain of African hair reaffirmation of skeletal evidence new evidence from ancient maps new comparisons of African and to the south African pyramids and further discussion on dating of the voyages. 2. What are some basic misconceptions some the holocaust of enslavement? Discuss its impact. * The enslavement was not a avocation but instead the wholly figure out by which captives were obtained on African soil was through warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping.* Europeans blame Arabs and Africans for participation in the process of enslavement, however they were always the ones benefitting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled trade was in fact a European dominated trade with Europeans using Arabs as middle men. * Although some Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be civil with the rest of society. * Impact depopulation through mass murder, societal disruption/destruction, forced transfer of populations, caused loss of youth and technical personnel, thus affected scientific, technological and cultural progress of africs. Economic destruction. 3. What was the basis for enslavement and some of its basic aspects?* Based on brutality, cultural genocide, and machinery of control. * Brutality physical, psychological, sexual * Cultural genocide destruction of political identities and heathenish units, families, cultural leaders, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control involved five mechanisms of control- laws, coercive bodies, the church, politically divisive strategies, plantation punishments * 4. itemisation and discuss the major forms of resistance to enslavement * Day-to-day resistance daily refusal and challenge with which A fricans confronted the enslavement system. include sabotage, breaking tools, destroying crops etc. * Abolitionism (underground railroad).* Emigrationism the push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * build up resistance revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * Cultural resistance used culture to inspire and maintain ones humanity through dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were some of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstruction? * White terrorist societies intensified. Ex ku klux klan * Congress did not give blacks the support they needed and they were essentially reintegrated back into the grey economy under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * Black codes (segregation and discrimination) and they didnt receive land, forcing them back to the plantation.* Supreme courts benefit through rulings favorable to the south * The Hayes-Tilden compromise in 1877- president hayes granted south federal troop withdrawal, leaving blacks to fend for themselves in racist society 6. What were some of the reasons for the great migration? * To break the racist south * Wanted to escape crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * growth of industry in the north, labor demands due to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, therefore no more unskilled laborers and domestic servants * The north promised blacks greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to struggle against injustice in the early 1900s? Discuss the black womens club movement.* Rose out of African cultural traditions which stressed responsibility to family and community which led to free black women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded first national conference of the colored women of America which established the national association of colored women * Also the Niagra movement, the NAACP and the urban alliance 8. Identify the major groups and leaders of th e 60s * Booker T. Washington major black leader of his time * W. E. B. DuBois white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey pan-africanist dedicated to building a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett journalist, organizer, lecturer and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 90s? * 70s 1.Challenges- began with retrieval from the massive suppression on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by music director J. Edgar Hoover) 2. Hoover tried to stifle any form of a black revolution 3. Affirmative action- rearward(a) discrimination 4. Achievements- blacks penetration and victories in electoral politics 5. Sought to build national independent power structures 6. Resurgence of pan-africanism * *80s 1. Challenges- continuing crisis of US society, rise of the vulgar and respectable right, continuing struggle to rebuild a black mass movement and appropriate alliances and coalitions in order to defend black gains, win new ones and minimize losses 2.Problem of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened level of electoral political activity among blacks 4. inaugural black governor (Virginia) * 90s 1. Challenges- increasing negative attitude of the Supreme Court to racial injustice and affirmative action, continuation of hate crimes, veto and later passage of 1991 civil rights act, increase in poverty 2. Achievements- preference of Bill Clinton and 39 blacks on congress and one black senator 10. Discuss the million persons marches. What were their similar concerns and their sum on the black community?* **Million man march/ day of absence- voiced concern about increasing racism, deteriorating social conditions, etc.and the impact on the world * -Day of absence women organized communities to stay away from transmission line/ school and to register people to vote and empower the community as a whole * -Created a sense of possibility and promise after there were increases in membe rship in organizations, adoption rates, mentoring programs and social activism * Million woman march- needed to energize the lives and struggles of black women *.Million youth march- same thing, but with youths (not a huge turnout) * All of these marches were a statement for self-consciousness as black men, women, and youth and the responsibility to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the beginning 21st century? * 2000 presidential preference and voter suppression (gore and bush), tragedy and aftermath of hurricane Katrina, HIV/AIDS epidemic, continuing police abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions.