Supernatural Aspects of the Characters and Settings in Macbeth Essays

Supernatural Aspects of the Characters and Settings in Macbeth The supernatural has always intrigued mankind. People gather around to hear ghost stories and see please medallions. Shakespeare realized peoples fascination with the supernatural and used it in many of his tragedies. Macbeth is one of William Shakespeares tragedies about a man, Macbeth, who wishes to become king of Scotland after being told, by one-third witches, that his destiny is to rule Scotland. Macbeths ambition overtakes him so much that he goes on a killing spree. Macbeth ends up killing the king, Duncan his friend, Banquo and rival, Macduff in his pursuit of procuring the crown and memory it. In the end, richesousness does triumph over evil, but not without interactions between the characters and the supernatural. Most of the characters are somehow connected to the supernatural, either by choice or by fate. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses an underlying motif of the supernatural to control the characters and ad d a new dimension to the play. The motif of faint versus murky is the most prominent etymon throughout Macbeth. The opening scene is dark and desolate with Thunder and lightning and An open place in the stage directions. The thunder and lightning conveys a sense of darkness with an come on storm. The open place shows that the witches prefer to meet in a place free from society where no one can eaves drop on them. The light of day before Macbeths final battle is the major factor that predicts its outcome (Watson 144). Siward states, The day almost itself professes yours, / And little is to do (V. vii. 27-28). Because the battle is fought on a fair day, Macduffs powers are strengthened by the light, and Macbeths pow... ...tson, Robert. Thriftless Ambition Foolish Wishes, and the Tragedy of Macbeth. Modern Critical Interpretations Macbeth. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 133-168. Supernatural Aspects of the Characters and Settings in Macbeth Thesis In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses an underlying motif of the supernatural to control the characters and add a new dimension to the play. I. Light vs. Dark A. Scenes 1. Opening 2. Closing B. Lady Macbeth 1. Starts as dark 2. Ends as light II. Sleeplessness A. Sleeplessness is sign of doom 1. Macbeth 2. The sailor B. Witches control sleep 1. The sailor 2. Lady Macbeth III. Heaven vs. Hell A. Inverness is hell 1. excoriate 2. Duncans murder B. Duncan and Macduff are related to heaven 1. Gods servant 2. No faults

Girlfight and Pumping Iron II :: Film Movies

Girlfight and Pumping Iron II Our society tends to define masculinity and femininity according to rigid gender norms that argon learned at young ages. These norms are apparent in language, perceptions, behaviors and pastimes. Since sport is considered a great American pastime, it is a popular realm for the separation of the sexes and the institution of socially defined proper roles for women and men. Sports like bodybuilding and package have come to be viewed as masculine because they involve conventionally masculine traits such(prenominal)(prenominal) as strength and aggression. In contrast, sports such as gymnastics and ice-skating have come to be viewed as feminine because they involve conventionally feminine traits such as charm and grace. Thru documenting the lives of female athletes competing in non-traditional sports for their sex, the movies Girlfight and Pumping Iron II reveal certain social and cultural costs and benefits of gender norm defiance. Girlfight portrays the s port of boxing as the savior for a confused, misunderstood and quite angry teenager who is spiraling down a path of self-destruction. Diana Guzman, the protagonist of the movie, finds discipline, self-respect, balance and love in the most unexpected of places- the boxing ring. By competing, and eventually succeeding in a sport that is not generally a welcome endeavor for females, Diana is adequate to(p) to transcend the bitter world outside the boxing ring and feel senses of acceptance, empowerment, pride, confidence, self-fulfillment and accomplishment. Her unconventional success is a form of communication. She shows young women and men everywhere that it is okay to hit or throw, like a girl, and that beauty can come in many different forms. The same is true for Rachel McLish, Carla Dunlap, Lori Bowen and Bev Francis, the bodybuilders in Pumping Iron II. Their small victories in the gym and on the stage become larger victories in the fight for gender equality. Their biceps bulge out of their bikinis and cry, We can do it too Diana, Rachel, Carla, Lori and Bev serve as strong and powerful feminist role models who believe in themselves and their bodies, defy patriarchy and create rights of passages. However, these females roads to success are not paved with gold. Diana runs into many macho traditionalists who believe that equality is crap and that her energies should be spent elsewhere. Her trainer initially doubts and underestimates her, telling her that, It is not right. Its dangerous.

Behavior Changes of MDMA :: Illegal Drugs Medical Psychology Ecstasy Essays

Behavior Changes of MDMAThe secondary effects on behavior are expressed in several ways that differ from one person to the next. These effects abide range from memory impairment and anxiety, to depression and mood swings. They are a unmediated result of the chemical changes within the body that occur when someone uses exaltation. I will discuss the range of effects in more detail, with explanations that get to the al-Qaida causes for each.One of the major behavior changes, after the effects of the drug have worn off, is a symptom of the reduced levels of serotonin in the brain. As ecstasy infiltrates the brain tissues, its effects cause the brain to produce copious amounts of serotonin. Following such an extreme release of this neurotransmitter, the brain goes through of period of m in which it has a below normal level of serotonin. This reduced level creates elevated levels of anxiety in users, and can often result in panic attacks that hold up for several months followi ng the use of the drug. However, it is important to note that, according to a study from the European Journal of Pharmacology (Gurtman, et al, 2002) whether such effects are a direct result of MDMA use is, at present, uncertain. This admission goes to show that correlation doesnt mean causation, and that until further research can be done we can only speculate about the relationship between the two.Another side effect, that is reported to be affected by the levels of serotonin in the brain, is that of memory functioning. some(prenominal) different areas of memory are included in this assertion, including cognitive capacity, recall over time, and planning ability. It is suggested that levelheaded users, when compared to a control group, have a harder time with primary areas of brain functioning that relate to memory. In a study conducted at the University of Cologne, in Germany (Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, et. al, 2004), research indicates that, findings of relatively low memory perfo rmance associated with heavy ecstasy use have been relatively consistent across different studies and user populations. This assertion is fairly recent in the literature, which would suggest that the findings have interpreted note of the broad range of studies that came before it. With that said, its hard to ignore the idea that a drug that induces such euphoric effects on the mindset of an

Native Peoples in Canada Today -- Cultural Expression :: Essays Papers

Native Peoples in Canada Today -- Cultural Expression great political influence and Canadas official policy of multiculturalism energise both contributed to a dramatic increase in the cultural activity of Native Canadians in the latter(prenominal) part of the twentieth century. Government sponsorship of the arts, with, in particular, its tendency to support the transaction of those from ethnic minorities, has granted a degree of public exposure to artists who would otherwise have had great difficulty in getting it.This page only discusses First Nations literature pen in English, although there is plenty going on in the other arts, and in Native languages. Natives who write in English and who are published by a mainstream publisher are inevitably participating in the public sphere of the settler culture, and this fact produces all kinds of interesting tensions in their work, because they are very often trying to recover some sort of star of indigineity, trying to re-establish conn ections with traditional cultures whose remoteness or tenuousness is a function of the dominant culture with which they are engaging. The best of the writers recognise this as an inescapably problematic situation, and adjudicate to use the contradiction as a source of creative energy. unitary of the commonest ways of exploring this is the attempt to bring traditional oral story telling features into the written literary format. This can be done through the inclusion of aural effects such as repetition, or through the inclusion of traditional characters.One of the problems which Western critics and readers face when confronted by Native literature is that there is a danger when it comes to the application of Western norms of interpretation and evaluation. Native texts can often work in unfamiliar ways and serve unfamiliar purposes. Thus, a reader who is expecting a narrative progression and climax from a piece of prose may strong be disappointed. What Native writers are very often trying to achieve with their writing is a kind of pictorial representation of a community, without the privileging of particular characters or events. These stories can often be interpreted more readily as an embodiment of Native values and cultural codes.

Female Genital Mutilation: A Gross Violation of Human Rights Essay

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has often been viewed as a rite of passage for women in various countries inwardly Africa, South America, the Middle East and Asia. However, due to societal norms and pressures, whether it based in culture or religion, forces women to partake in a answer that has serious health risks and takes away the rights of women who believe they have no other choice. The Universal Declaration of Human rights are applicable to all member states including most of the countries that still practice FGM. However, despite claiming that the human rights set forth would be observed as obligated in terms of their memberships, FGM violates numerous rights and freedoms that claim to be recognized but, are not known to the people. These rights are neglected, and frequently go unacknowledged within communities because of denied access to media or information. Nonetheless whether it is intentional or a direct pass of the poverty levels within these countries these are rig hts that the people deserve to know they have. If women were exposed to various forms of media and knew of their rights, FGM would not be so highly practiced. Female Genital Mutilation is a flagrant violation of ones human rights. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision. There is this passivity and social word meaning that implied when using female circumcision versus FGM because, circumcision of males in western cultures is a norm and therefore, not viewed as a violation of ones rights. However, if female genital nifty is referred to as female circumcision then it equating the severity of FGM with that of a male which is not the case. FGM is more harmful to the health of the woman at question and in no means beneficial to... ... Study Using Female Genital Mutilation. Health and Human Rights. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Vol. 2, No. 2 (1997), pp. 137-146. Web.Dorkenoo, Efua. Combating Female Genital Mutilation An schedule for the Nex t Decade. Womens Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, Teaching About Violence Against Women, The Feminist Press at the City University of New York (Spring - Summer, 1999), pp. 87-97. WebR. Beitz, Charles. Human Rights as a Common Concern. The American Political Science Review, American Political Science Association, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 269-282. WebN. Davis, Aisha. Female Genital trimming The Pressures of Culture, International Attention, and Domestic Law on the Role of African Women. Gender and Sexuality Law Online. Columbia Law School. 25 January 2012. Web. http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtmla3

Female Genital Mutilation: A Gross Violation of Human Rights Essay

Female venereal Mutilation (FGM) has often been viewed as a rite of passage for women in mixed countries within Africa, South America, the Middle East and Asia. However, due to societal norms and pressures, whether it based in culture or religion, forces women to partake in a practice that has expert health risks and takes away the rights of women who believe they have no other choice. The Universal Declaration of adult male rights are applicable to all member states including most of the countries that unbosom practice FGM. However, despite claiming that the human rights set forth would be observed as obligated in terms of their memberships, FGM violates numerous rights and freedoms that claim to be recognised but, are not known to the people. These rights are neglected, and frequently go unacknowledged within communities because of denied access to media or information. Nonetheless whether it is intentional or a straightaway result of the poverty levels within these countries these are rights that the people deserve to know they have. If women were exposed to various forms of media and knew of their rights, FGM would not be so highly practiced. Female genital Mutilation is a flagrant violation of ones human rights. Female venereal Mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision. There is this passivity and complaisant acceptance that implied when using female circumcision versus FGM because, circumcision of males in western cultures is a norm and therefore, not viewed as a violation of ones rights. However, if female genital cutting is referred to as female circumcision then it equating the severity of FGM with that of a male which is not the case. FGM is more harmful to the health of the woman at question and in no means beneficial to... ... Study Using Female Genital Mutilation. Health and Human Rights. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Vol. 2, No. 2 (1997), pp. 137-146. Web.Dorkenoo, Efua. Combating Female Genital Mutilation An A genda for the Next Decade. Womens Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, Teaching About Violence Against Women, The Feminist Press at the City University of New York (Spring - Summer, 1999), pp. 87-97. WebR. Beitz, Charles. Human Rights as a Common Concern. The American Political Science Review, American Political Science Association, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Jun., 2001), pp. 269-282. WebN. Davis, Aisha. Female Genital Cutting The Pressures of Culture, International Attention, and Domestic Law on the Role of African Women. Gender and Sexuality Law Online. Columbia Law School. 25 January 2012. Web. http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtmla3

Mastering Audio

The History of Mastering Music, in close to of its styles and forms that is targeting commercial dispersion now undergoes a final abut of transformation and quality verification known as Mastering. For those working within the phone labor, this process is an unavoidable pace to pass through and through. The character reference of the master engineer is almost unknown and often unheard of.This status of the mastering process has over the ears gathered itself an almost mythic status in the industry. The machination itself is quite often misunderstood and in certain cases considered unimportant. Through this essay I hope to explore further into the role of the mastering process and the position it has held over decades with changes in styles, engineering and long suits of media distribution. Mastering is the set of activities in the audio chemical chain between the final production of the melody on an intermediary format and its transfer to a distribution format. (Dominique Bassal, 2005) During the early days, the process of mastering was non a unwrap discipline that as followed by a different engineer. A recording engineers profile would involve recording onto a disc cutting lather. Before the year 1925, the tools use to cut records was bumpkinly and worked in a fairly mechanical manner without the use of electricity. By the 1930s the advent of electricity in the audio industry like many some other markets changed the way media was preserve, processed and finally distributed.The rise of the radio stations, microphones and the amplification of the stylus that was previously driven Just by a diaphragm into an acoustical thrust has changed the way mastering works. The discs cut onto wax were used as stampers to press 78rpm discs apply shellac-composite. This was the method of cutting/ producing records before the advent of tape. Mastering/cutting head Post the second world war, the recording ot tape and micro heat LP were tlrst introduced. The i ntroduction of tape recording changed the norm of master recordings almost always beingness cut direct to disc.This was the beginning of a separate engineer being in charge of using the session tapes to cut master discs. This person was not initially known as a mastering engineer but a dubbing ngineer or rather transfer engineer. mastering was a black art practiced by technical curmudgeons who mysteriously make the transfer from the electronic medium of magnetic audio tape to the physical medium of vinyl. (Owsnski, 2007) This change brought about the industrial belief that the process of cutting the master discs from recording session tapes was not a very different technical readiness than the vinyl pressing ope symmetryn.The biggest problem as such(prenominal) with vinyl has been to safeguard the largest possible part of the audio fidelity of the master tape, by troubleshooting and working round he numerous downfalls and obstacles brought about by the medium itself. The techno logy of cutting vinyl from tape came with its own set of limitations to a huge degree. To explain the chamfer on the record, the thickness of the hair cable carries pitch and tonal information laterally and the amplitude information vertically. The problems brought about by this system was that the bass frequencies would drastically have-to doe with the total width of the groove.This in turn would affect the determined length of the information being cut onto the vinyl. the thickness of the vinyl similarly affected the active range available for severally cut. The recording onto analog tape helped with these flaws to a certain extent through having a tendency to roll off the understandably sharp high intensity transients. This tendency was due to the saturation that occurred when hit with too much level, which would result in the stylus Jumping out of groove or often burn the disc cutter head itself.Around this time larger record companies dealing with pop music were prioritiz ing the automation of the tape to plow transfer as much as possible in the interest of production efficiency. One of the biggest advancements this brought about was the ossibility to determine the thickness of the grooves using analog data processor circuitry. It eventually brought about the possibility of having record sides of up to, and in some cases beyond, 30 minutes. The equipment being used for the mastering process also had to be specifically developed for use in record production.The idea behind this was to protect the companies from the expensive cutter heads blowing up as well as to ensure a more quality consistent product. The birth of the Mastering Plant It was not long betore a tew engineers in this industry realized that there might me a arket out there for mastering that is done with superior care and skill. This brought about the birth of the first independent mastering lab in Los Angeles during the late 60s. The art of mastering became more about the attention to detail, skillful use of the highest grade equipment available and a devotion to artistic satisfaction.This trend soon grew into a blood line where a master tape sent to a mastering plant run by a credible engineer such as chase after Ludwig, Doug Sax or Bob Katz would result in a disc that sonoroused phenomenal. lt was during this time that the name of the astering engineer was listed on to the credits of the albums. Mastering trivia A significant step in this extension of the role of the mastering engineer, even if ephemeral and exclusively linked to a specific musical style, was the dance ruffle fad, today devolved, in a modified form, to the D.A rhythmic pop song is delivered to the mastering studio with, along with its official mix, a series of excerpts, sub-mixes of rhythm sections, alone voices, etc. The mastering engineer constructs an extended version of the song, destined for, among others, nightclubs, adding as required upplemental effects and even sounds from other sources. (Dominique Bassal, 2005) Mastering today Mastering is withal very much a part of the industry, although most of them no longer cut master discs from analog reel tape. The CD generation has definitely caused a huge change in the mastering process.This process is now known as mastering where the recording in its final stage is brought in save on to a digital medium and is then sent for pressing. In the older days, each record company would have its own in offer engineers working to a pre determined standard set by the company itself. These standards ere for the calibration of recorders, level and metering standards, interfacing and conversion equipment, etc. A number of engineers would also habitude build some of the equipment used in their studio. This time saw that the tapes that were sent to these mastering studios could have a consistency to quality and fidelity.The order of the songs on the record, wretched pauses between tracks and equalization would have already been dealt with. Today the mastering business is a very different market compared to back then. The material for an album made these days could have been sourced from a variety of ifferent places, ranging from large studio rooms to a bedroom studio. The mixing on the record could have been done using Just a computer and sometimes by the artist themselves. These changes make it a completely contrasting market to when the big record companies were around.It opens a new realm of artistic space to play with as well. This treedom however also attec ed t the technical aspects ot the production. It is due to these reasons that mastering engineers began to expect their clients to provide them the recorded and mixed product with certain measures taken into account. The client is requested to not finish aspects of the process such as song spacing, fades and final master levels for each song. It is in the benefit of the client to trust the mastering engineer to take care of such detailed a spects with the necessary skill set and experience.A fundamental get to remember in todays technological free market is that technical competence cannot be taken for granted. Todays mastering engineers are expected to take a torso of work that is recorded, produced and mixed and transform it into a sonic piece that is well matchd and is aurally pleasing to listen to. It involves a meticulous binding, processing and reinforcing of sound to translate the artistic vision onto various forms of playback. Mastering Equipment The equipment used in the process of mastering is a range of extremely high quality units that execute very specific tasks in the overall chain.The most important tool however is and will always be the attention to detail through long time of experience and critical listening. Equipment used at this stage today is very relative to what is being achieved through the process itself. The aspects that are of prime importance through mastering are he conversion of audi o information from analog to digital domains, the consistent but not squashed dynamic range, equalization and balance of the songs with respect to each other and the intricately combined amplification done using consoles, compressors and limiters.Acoustics Mastering is the coda and final stage between the product and its discharge for replication and distribution. This is where the sonic fidelity of the album or any other work is Judged technically to suite the various listening conditions and environments that audiences consume music in. Acoustics is amongst the most important tools to chieving a neutral space where the engineer can fully understand the strengths and weaknesses of the pre master. Monitors Reference monitoring systems for mastering plants are very different from the ones used in the mixing and play back stages.Monitoring systems for mastering rooms can be two way or three way systems that divide the trequency ranges to separate drivers so that they are individuall y emphasized to then pay special attention to. Plants usually run two or three sets of references. Adam audio, unshod sound and Earthworks are some of the biggest names in audio frequency reference monitors for astering. Amplification Amplification is an important stage in the mastering chain and is organic to driving the sound clean and transparent through and out of the monitors.Another reason for amplification is to have a palette of colors to pass the audio through. there are usually at least two different amplification systems in a mastering plant. Console The console is the heart of the mastering chain where everything comes together. It is the Hub for the audio that is passing through the outboard equipment, convertors and the DAW. Manley, TK Audio and Maselec are highly renowned mastering console anufacturers. DAW DAWS are the software environments within which the Audio is contained and worked with.There is a wide variety of programs that specialize in different need of the mastering process, For example Pro tools HD, DDP creator Pro, Sequoia. EQs Equalization is the process of treating specific ranges of the audio to strike a smooth balance that will translate the music onto systems that may not always reproduce the entire spectrum from 20Hz to 20KHz such as earphones and car audio systems. Buzz Audio, Prism Sound and GML are amongst the biggest names for EQs with regards toDynamics processors Dynamic range is an integral part of preparing music and audio to a level of industry standard distribution. These processors are categorized into Compressors, Limiters, Exciters, Expanders and Gates. They are used to gradually make the audio translate with a benchmark RMS and Peak level that varies in ratio across music, film, television and radio broadcast. Manley, Cranesong, API and Tubetech make extremely high grade Hardware Dynamics processors for mastering. Convertors Convertors are arguably the most important tools in the mastering chain today.The a mount ot media that is generated completely in the digital domain is significantly huge. Converting this information to analog in order to be processed and worked with requires precision ground high quality convertor components that can be very expensive. The conversion process also plays a huge factor in converting analog to digital considering the fundamental differences that exist between them such as hardware circuitry and software coding. Lavry Engineering and Apogee is at the forefront of building high quality convertors for mastering. digital ProcessorsAn integral part of todays Mixing and Mastering is Digital Signal Processing. The tools available for use within a computer are much more salute effective and pretty close to replicating the results of analog gear and circuitry. The biggest names that have been developing the tools of this digital era are Universal Audio, Waves and McDSP, using modern technology and specifically designed chipsets to treat audio without losing its fidelity. Conclusion The art of Mastering as a discipline was first considered to be a technical process within the larger process of making a record.Over the decades this art form came to recognition when its artistic impact was noticed by people from the industry such as the artist and producers themselves. This brought about the Mastering Plant Revolution. The skill set and aesthetic value brought into the production process by mastering engineers have grown to be invaluable in this day and age of digital distribution. It is through this evolution across almost five decades that todays mastering studio serves as the last and final stage of technical and artistic quality control for most recorded media. References Aud, R. (n. d. ).http//www.recordingmag.com/resources/resourceDetail/109.htmlhttp//www.recordingmag.com/resources.htmlhttp//www.macmusic.org/articles/view.php/lang/en/id/91/The-Practice-of-Mastering-1-Historyhttp//www.mixonline.com/news/profiles/issues-modern-maste ring/365757http//www.mixonline.com/news/recordinghttp//www.mixonline.com/

Marketing Institute of Singapore (MIS) Essay

Organization Analysis Assignment (40%)Culture and MechanisticAn organisations culture is not imposed but develops by social interaction. Critically evaluate this statement in relation to the Culture and Mechanistic perspectives.Introduction either organization relies on its resources to manage and run the business. There are four typical types of resources Human resource, financial resource, physical resource and technical resource. The ultimate challenge is achieving the organizational goals effectively and efficiently through careful planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of the organizational resources. When the resources are managed well, the business will grow, generate more opportunities and increase productivity. The culture of a company leads the company to its goals. Culture can be managed or left unmanaged depending on the mindset of the leaders of the organization.Culture PerspectiveCulture is existent in any society. Culture is the learned characteristics of a particular group of people. It can be defined by everything from the language they speak, religion, cuisine, social habits and lifestyle. Culture is developed through the way people grow and socialize in their environment.http//www.studymode.com/subjects/types-of-resources-in-an-organization-page1.html http//www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html

The Beneatha’s Dreams

Hansberrys play A Raisin in the Sun is the story of the Youngers, a poor African- American family in the 1940s. All of the Youngers consecrate important dreams that they wish to realize but due to their economic status and the abundant racism of the time, and they are forced to put past these dreams. However, due to the insurance money from Big Walters death, they have a chance to overcome these obstacles and achieve their dreams. Beneatha is a good example of a caliber whose dreams have been deferred. Beneatha dreams of being a doctor and throughout the play, struggles to determine her identity as a well-educated black woman.Beneatha is a collage student and is on the face of it the best educated member of the Younger family. Her education is very important to her and she hopes to one day become a doctor. Beneatha believes in education as a means to understanding and self-fulfillment through knowledge and wisdom. It was rare at this time to find a poor well-educated black woman with such high ambitions.Beneatha took pride in this fact and often flaunted her intelligence to her family. Mama, knowing how much her education meant to her, instructed Walter to save $3000 for Beneathas medical schooling. When it was discovered that Walter had invested the money in his pot liquor store scheme and Willy had run off with all the money, Beneatha was devastated. She had lost all hope and even though her spirits may have been lifted later on her talk with Asagai in act III and the chance to move into a new house, it seems that Beneatha will never realize this dream.Another major dream that Beneatha wants is to have her profess identity. In the play she does this by trying to gain a better grasp on her cultural identity as an African-American. The rest of her family, afterwards living in America for five generations, seem out of touch with their African heritage, so Beneatha turns to Asagai, a native Nigerian, to see if he can bring out the lost part of herself. Beneatha dresses in Nigerian garb, dances to African music, and lets her hair grow naturally in an attempt to become more African. Beneatha does this in part because she genuinely wants to identify herself as an Africa-American but she in addition does it in protest of what she calls an oppressive white culture.Beneatha also dreamed of overcoming not only the prejudice against blacks, but also the prejudice against women. In the 1940s, it was common belief that a womans place was at home and it was very rare for any woman to become a doctor. point Walter suggests that she become a nurse, a traditionally womans job, instead. Beneatha was an early feminist and did not take the traditionally submissive role of a woman. Instead, she spoke up against anything she sensed as an injustice. She became particularly passionate about freeing the Africans from French and English colonizers after talking to Asagai.In the play A Raisin in the Sun, all of the briny characters were guided by th eir dreams, and the same is true for Beneatha. In the play, Beneatha struggles to create her own identity while battling against the abundant prejudice of the day. While she partially succeeds at creating her own identity, her dreams of becoming a doctor fall short when Walter losses the necessary money. However, Beneatha is a strong, intelligent woman and will most likely succeed later in life.

How Grammar Is Taught in Task Based Language Learning Method

How Grammar Is Taught In Task Based Language Learning manner The purpose of this essay is to investigate how grammar is taught in proletariat based expression meditateing method at speed secondary high school and what pleader experienced teachers have to offer. This is done by studying task based phraseology development method and current practice of teaching grammar at upper secondary high school . Task based language learning claims that learners discover the language system when they communicate. This claim is built upon the assumption that language is acquired through with(predicate) communication.Task- based learning focuses on learning active how language works in discourse as an input to new language production the language input is language data, spoken and written texts, rather than language models presented as targeted structures. The whole issue is how to design tasks which help learner to use the language to learn it, in other words, to develop their communicati ve competence. To make the design of this method, the teacher uses tasks as instruments to investigate how second language learning takes place and what makes language learning successful respectively.The teacher also investigate which types of tasks contribute to the development of which kind of competence in learners. It is essential to define what a task is so that course of instruction developers and language educators can design genuine tasks that stimulate language use. In this section of procedure, the teacher must carry out three stages pre-task, task- cycle and language focus. How do I teach grammar in task based language teaching ? My students argon from fifteen to nineteen years old. They are Vietnamese students and they are not good at English.The number of students in my class is overload of about forty- five. Since my students frequently come into contact with English, they are not thought to necessitate grammar rules as much. Since they learn the language in a nativ e-like way almost, they repeatedly make some mistakes. So I need to choose an effective method, task based learning language, to teach grammar. I find it important to answer the following questions when teaching grammar. First, what structure do I teach ?. Second, how do I give students input?. Last , how do my students produce output? First, what structure do I teach ?It was important to listen to the students and see what they needed to practice, and pick up to find things that interest them. They also need to be aware of why they are learning the structure. For example Because I have it away my students want to say about their ability to do something, I decide to teach them auxilary verb can in the structure subject + can + bare infinitive verb Grammar teaching has become integrated with activities centre on meaning and is taught more through examples than by using grammatical terminology.Then , how do I give my students input?. I have to get a line to find something that ma kes it more interesting to give my students grammar input. It was encouraging for the students to be aware of what they are going to know, what they are good at, bad at, what they can improve. Additionally, it is helpful for the students to know how they learn the best. What I believe communicative exercises mainly provide is fluency. The students are encouraged to watch a short video clip.The father is going with his tidings in a zoo. Father(F) What can you see ? son(S) I can see a tiger . (F) And what can you see ? (S) I can see a bird. (F) And what can the bird do ?. (S) It can sing. (F) Oh, can you see a snake? (S) Yes, I can. (F) Can it sing? .(S) No , it cant. Motivation was frequently mentioned as very important for the students to be successful. Therefore, as a teacher to be able to motivate the students seemed to be a valuable asset.Communicating with them in this way also gave the teacher a chance to see what the students wanted to achieve. Grammar learning is essen tial for it gives students the tools for developing their language. For students to learn grammar through communication seems the more pictorial way of approaching a language than studying rules in isolation. However, when the same errors are repeated, teachers have to bring the students? attention to those specific structures. are many approaches, and what mightiness not work on one occasion might work on a different one

Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good Essay

In her essay, Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good, Gloria Jimenez evaluates the debate for convey-run lotteries and surmises that state representatives, having citizens welfare in mind, should not pass bills urging them to gamble. In todays society, state-run lotteries are common establishments considering the majority of our country has one. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia all have lotteries justified as necessary state funds beneficial to the common good. But with state lotteries no one winsnot schools, not the government and not the American public. (1) The lottery system does not contribute notable funds to the state or schools (2) it is a regressive form of taxation (3) it creates limited jobs (4) it is harmful to American values and society (5)but they margin call to be fair and honest. Overall, lotteries are neither practical nor fair, and they are harmful to the common good. First, let me point out that lotteries do not achieve their original goal of contributing notable funds to the state or schools. The most valid defense for lotteries is that they lead increaseEducational funding, when, in fact, contributes very little. In her research, Jimenez briefly explains her findings and deducts the lotteries have been paying out roughly 4 percent to the businesses while taking in almost $20 billion in 2002. (New York Times, may 18, 2003, sec. 4, p. 1). If states raised income tax by a fraction of a percent, they could generate just as much revenue as state lotteries. That is how insignificant they are. As well as being an ineffective money raising scheme, the lottery is also a regressive form of taxation. The attraction of the lottery is to strike it well-heeled instantaneously and never have to work again.The message is most evident to the poor, undereducated, and compulsive gamblers. As a result, these citizens participate in the lottery spending an add up of three times as much of their income on lottery tickets than the we althy would. This is, in effect, due to false and misleading advertising aimed specifically at this market. Furthermore, the precisely new jobs that are created unless, by chance a new casino goes in, are the vacancies for advertising executives and accounting clerks. The positions for clerks that in truth sell the tickets do not deal filling because they are previously filled at convenience and grocery stores.In addition, state run lotteries are unwholesome and dangerous for the common good. They calculate out a message that opposes the ethics of hard work, sacrifice, and integrityeverything Americans believe in. The lottery is deceptive and encourages people to believe that they will win something for nothing. Still, government allows lotteries and actually promotes them, encouraging citizens to participate.One of the greatest problems associated with the lottery is that it can lead to addiction. So although people are buying the tickets of their own free will and free will to participate is one of the pros of the lottery. Exactly how much free will really is there when all of the manipulation is being done by the ad executives targeting prime citizens, the government strong-arming the constituents into their lottery schemes, and the gambling addicts cannot really help themselves? Government has no business enticing people to gamble their hard earn money for an against the odds chance of winning a big cash prize. It is irresponsible, immoral and far from fair and honest.Works CitedJimenez, Gloria. Against the Odds, and Against the Common Good. Pg. 112-114. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing. Barnett & Bedau. New York. Bedford/St. Martin.2008. yarn-dye

Composition and Seperations Essay

When a kernel of popcorn is heated, pressure builds and, depending on the tell of piss in the kernel, the kernel pops open and popcorn is produced. The percentage of water in each kernel differs between tags of popcorn. If the steam produced fails to pop the kernel, the kernel becomes hard and burns. The employment of opus 1, Popcorn Composition, of the Composition and Separations Lab was to determine whether premium popcorn brands display desirable qualities when measured and compared with cheaper brands of popcorn. The experimental relevance of Part 1 of the experiment was to demonstrate the effects of water in a popcorn kernel when heated and converted to heat.Differences in water percentage determine whether or not the kernel will burst and create popcorn. In Part 2, Separating a Solid Mixture, the purpose was to work with supplies in the lab to relegate a good multifariousness of popcorn, linchpin, flavour and iron filings into the four soften components to lastly le arn the percent composition of the unwavering mixture. By developing a plan to separate the mixture, the group should have ended up with four separate items with saddles that added up to the original weight of the mixture. The experimental relevance of Part 2 of the experiment was to learn how to separate each component in a four leave-taking solid mixture from each other.ProcedureIn part 1 of this weeks lab trey popcorn kernels of a one brand were given to each group. A Bunsen burner was set up by each group and the three kernels were each weighed separately on an electric balance. The Bunsen burner was and then lit following the instructions given. (ch185) A 100mL beakerwas obtained and fill with a half inch of clean sand. The beaker was placed on a ring stand and one kernel of popcorn was submerged into the sand. The beaker was then cover with a watch glass and heated over the Bunsen burner until the kernel popped. After pop music, the kernel was removed and weighed and th e wet content was measured. This procedure occurred for all three kernels. After the moisture content of all three kernels were measured, an average was deduced for the three and written on the board. Each of the other four groups also wrote their averages for their individual brand on the board to give the class a better understanding of the differences in moisture content for each of the five brands. In part 2 of this weeks lab, a 50mL beaker was filled with a solid mixture consisting of popcorn, sand, salt and iron filings.The group then got the mass of the entire mixture and began sketching a plan to separate the mixture properly into its original four contents. First the group separated the popcorn from the mixture by using a drainer. The popcorn was then weighed. Second, the iron filings were separated using a magnet after pouring the remaining mixture onto a piece of paper. After the magnet salt away all iron, the iron was scraped into a beaker and the weight was recorded. T he third and final separation used a beaker and a perk paper. The filter paper was weighed and put into a filter that spilt into the beaker. The remaining salt/sand mixture was then poured into the filter paper using water to dissolve the salt.After the solution was put into the filter paper and the salt had dissolved, the filter paper and sand was dried and then weighed. After subtracting the filter paper weight from the weight of the filter paper and sand together, the weight of the sand was known. Once you had the weight of the sand, iron and popcorn, the weight of the salt was found by subtracting the three combined weights from the original weight of the mixture. To find the percent composition of each component, the weight of each was divided by 100 and, in the end, each components percent added up to 100% of the initial mixture. Results/ Data/ CalculationsPart 1Each group determined the moisture percentage of their brand of popcorn. mesa 1 shows the moisture content of each brand. Table 1 moisture Percentage of Popcorn BrandsGroup Number Popcorn Brand Used Percent wet1 Act III 6.24 %2 Food fraternity 8.35 %3 Jolly sentence 12.2 %4 Orville Redenbacher 7.47 %5 Pop Perfect 6.22 %Jolly Time popcorn was measured for weight and the moisture content was then measured. Table 2 shows the initial weights, final weights, moisture contents and percent moistures of each of the three trials performed. Table 2 Moisture Percentage by burden of Jolly Time Popcorn Kernels Kernel Initial Weight (g) Final Weight (g) Moisture Content % Moisture 1 0.105 g 0.086 g 0.019 g 17.8 %2 0.138 g 0.140 g -0.003 g -1.89 %3 0.113 g 0.106 g 0.007 g 6.55 %AVERAGE 0.109 g 0.096 g 0.013 g 12.2 %Sample CalculationsFind weight= (cupcake holder + kernel cupcake holder)= (.263 g .177 g)= 0.086 gMoisture Content= Initial weight final weight= 0.105 g 0.086 g= 0.019 g% Moisture= Moisture content x 100Initial weight of kernel= 0.019 g = 17.8%0.105 gAverage % moisture = 17.8 + 6.55 = 12.2%2 Part 2The weight and eventually percentage composition was measure in a mixture of corn, iron, sand and salt and then with each component individually. Table 3 shows the weight and % compositions.Table 3 Percent composition of MixtureMaterial Weight (g) % CompositionFull Mix 42.2 g 100 %Corn 3.26 g 7.79 %Iron 19.0 g 45.0 %Sand 15.7 g 32.5 %Salt 6.25 g 14.8 %Sample CalculationsPercent CompositionInitial Weight x100Total Mixture WeightBeaker with nothing 59. 95 gBeaker with mix 102.1 gW/ Mix102.1 gW/O Mix 59.95g42.98 gDiscussionThe experiment in part 1 was through to show that even slight differences in moisture content in popcorn make a big difference when it comes to the popcorns pop abilities. Before the experiment, the moisture content and its effect on popcorn were unknown. After the experiment each group left with the knowledge of moisture content in both preferred brands and cheap brands of popcorn. This experiment gave insight into the importance of exactness for popcorn com panies pertaining to the moisture content in each kernel. The experiment in part 2 was performed to show that most solid mixtures can be separated if using the right tools. Each group had to propose a solution to separating the mixture and then weighing each of the four components afterwards to conclude if they added up to the initial weight of the solid mixture.This experiment allowed students to use their brains to separate any solid mixture that they come in contact with, which will be helpful for the future in this lab and others. Throughout the two parts of this experiment several(prenominal) specific errors were found and dealt with. In part 1 of this experiment several popcorn kernels were burnt and did not pop. These kernels may have affected our experiment by giving us false data, as we did not include these kernels in any final data.With burnt popcorn kernels, we were shown that the moisture content in the popcorn brand given may have resulted in one of the cheap brands gi ven. In part 2 of our experiment, the initial weight was supposed to be taken before separating any part of the mixture. Unfortunately, the initial weight was skipped before the popcorn was separated. The popcorn then had to be put back into the mixture and the mixture was then weighed for the initial weight. This may have affected the final data, although it was a small error. In part 2 another error occurred when the group began to separate the salt and sand in an incorrect manner. This, however, did not affect final data, as the salt would have been eliminated anyway.ConclusionsThe goals in this experiment for part 1 were to determine the moisture content in a brand of popcorn, compare the given brand with others in the lab and then find out if moisture content affects the popping or corn and which brand or brands has a better likelihood of popping (i.e. preferred vs. cheap brands). In part 2 of the experiment the goals were to separate a solid mixture and then find the percent composition of each of the four materials within the mixture. The average moisture percentage for Jolly Time popcorn was 12.2 %. To get to this point, the group popped three separate kernels and found the moisture percentage for each and then averaged them. The percent composition for part 2 of the solid mixture was 7.79 % for corn, 45.0 % for iron, 32.5 % for sand and 14.8% for salt. These measurements added up to the 100% solid mixture and the weights added up correctly.ReferencesCh185. How to Light and Adjust a Bunsen Burner. http//ch185.semo.edu/labsafe/bunsen.html (accessed Feb 12, 2013). Composition and Separations. http//linus.chem.ku.edu/genchemlab/184SP13/Download184_Labs/Composition%20and%20Separations%20Chem%20184%20Spring%202013.pdf (accessed Feb 12, 2013) Guidelines for Laboratory Reports http//linus.chem.ku.edu/GenChemLab/184SP13/guidelines%20for%20lab%20reports.htm (accessed Feb 12, 2013)

African American Studies Notes Essay

1. Discuss the intravenous feeding canonical thrusts of the assimilator movement which led to the founding of nasty Studies * The Civil Rights Movement (1960) * Break down the barriers of legal legal separation in public accommodations * Achieve equality and justice for barrens * Organize total darknesss into a self-conscious social extort capable of defining, defending and advancing their inte simplenesss * SNCC emerged as a vanguard group in the CR struggle.* Mobilized, form and politicized thousands of inkiness students * Politicized many White students and their leaders through recruiting and training them and bringing them to the South to work in the struggle * The Free Speech Movement (UC Berkeley, 1964) * White student protest against the rigid, restrictive and unresponsive extension of the university * Demand for civil rights on campus.* The Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1965) * General student protest against the Vietnam war and university complicity in it through it s cooperation with the government in recruitment and research and development programs * Launched by new(a) leftists, especially the Students for a Democratic Society * SNCC, Us, the Congress of Racial Equality participated * Based on opposition to* The threat the drawing posed to ghastlys and other males of color not covered by student deferment and especially susceptible in the South * The governments war against Third World liberation movements and peoples in cosmopolitan and Vietnam in particular * Fighting an unjust war for a nation depriving opprobriouss of basic and human rights * The Black Power Movement (1965) * Led to direct establishment of Black Studies * The Watts Revolt in Los Angeles.* Ushered in a new dialog astir(predicate) relations of military group in society and the university, the pervasive character of racism, and the occupy for struggle to overturn the establish golf-club and create a more than just society * accentuate the importance of self-dete rmination, fill for author, relevant gentility, cultural grounding, studying and recovering African horticulture * Organizations hard-pressed the need for the university and society to recognize the diverse cultures of the U. S.* Called on students to engage in struggle in the classrooms, on campus in general and in society to improve life of African people and society itself 2. Discuss the growing of Black Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * Led by char students * It was the rising tide of the black power movement and reflected its sense of social mission and urgency * Black students at SFSC and other campuses responded to the field activism of the Black Power Movement and the Watts Revolt.* 1966 changed their name to Black Student Union (BSU) to indicate a new individuality and direction. * Black students developed a black arts an culture series * BSU demanded a legitimate Black Studies Department funded by the college and controlled by black people brought stiff resista nce * BSU also demanded special admissions programs for a given number of black studies but it was also resisted. 3. Identify the major groups involved and the contribution of Dr. Nathan c matchlessy * In 1968, Dr.Hare, an author and former professor, was appointed to be coordinator of Black Studies * He was given the task to hammer an autonomous Black Studies Department * He was fired from Howard University for his activism in support of students and the struggle of relevant education * He crossd to stress on relevant education when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, Hare had unblemished his proposal and a program for special admission for Black students * The board of trustees continually delayed slaying of the program and it is this which led to the students strike * The university was shut down.* Eventually the students won the strike, which ended demonstrate 1969 * San Francisco State (SFSU) became the first institution of education to establish a Black Studies program and d epartment. * GROUPS INVOLVED Black Power Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, Anti-Vietnam War Movement 4. What were the earlier academic and political concerns of the advocates of Black Studies * Academic 1) concerned with traditional blanched studies. White studies was seen as inadequate and a distortion of the lives and culture of African people.White studies posed whites as the exemplary model for every superstar, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) White studies was also seen as resistant to change which was necessary for relevant education. Black Studies argued for the need to t distributively Black Studies from a black frame of mind. This slowlyr became known as Afrocentric perspective. * Political 1) concerned with the low number of blacks on campus, which was seen as racist exclusion to maintain a white monopoly.So it was demanded that special admission and recruitment efforts were slay to solve this problem. 2) Concerned with the treatment of racism. Sought o ut to exculpate blacks respected and politically involved on campus. 3) Concerned with social problems of the black confederacy and how black students and black studies could address and solve them. 5. What were the early objectives of Black Studies * To teach the Black experience in all its variedness and with special attention to history, culture, and current issues.* Black Studies ready and create a body of knowledge that contributed to intellectual and political emancipation. (Developing an intellectual and dependent mind and victimization that knowledge in the interest of Black and human freedom). * Create intellectuals who were dedicated to fraternity service and stressed the importance for Black intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and committed to Black liberation and a higher level of human life.* To nurture, maintain, and continue expansion of an equally beneficial relationship between the campus and the community. Dr. Nathan Hare We must bring community to the campus and the campus to the community. * To establish and confirm its position in the academy as a discipline essential to the educational project and to any real conception of a quality education. (Both an academic and political challenge). Chapter Two vignette Questions 4. Discuss the emergence of the Afrocentric initiative and Molefi Asantes founding role in it.* Emerging in the late 70s and finding its theoretical foundation in a work by Molefi Asante titled Afrocentricity The Theory of well-disposed Change and published in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indispensable perspective of the Black Studies project and initiated a large discourse which had both academic and social implications and consequences * Asante energized Black Studies discourse and gave a fresh and added thrust to the interest group of new research directions in Black Studies with his insistence on African location or centeredness, African agency, and an African frame of reference in resear ch and methodology and intellectual production * He became a much sought after lecturer and commentator * He defines Afrocentrism as a term apply to negate and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multiculturalism and pluralism have in everyday?* Multiculturalism can be defined as thought and practice organized around respect for human diversity * Expression in four basic ways * Mutual respect for each people and culture as a unequaled and equally valuable way of being human in the world * Mutual respect for each peoples right and indebtedness to speak their own special cultural truth and make their own unique contribution to society and the world * Mutual commitment to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity * Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing in order to build the world we all want and deserve to live in * Pluralism * Based on special values as determined by the host of society Chapter Four Studying Questions 1.What argument s does Van Sertima make to prove African presence in Olmec civilization? * Unearthed evidence like more Olmec heads, especially one at tres zapotes showing Ethiopian type braids more clay sculptures of African types which reflect the coloration and metric grain of African hair reaffirmation of skeletal evidence new evidence from ancient maps new comparisons of African and to the south African pyramids and further discussion on dating of the voyages. 2. What are some basic misconceptions some the holocaust of enslavement? Discuss its impact. * The enslavement was not a avocation but instead the wholly figure out by which captives were obtained on African soil was through warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping.* Europeans blame Arabs and Africans for participation in the process of enslavement, however they were always the ones benefitting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled trade was in fact a European dominated trade with Europeans using Arabs as middle men. * Although some Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be civil with the rest of society. * Impact depopulation through mass murder, societal disruption/destruction, forced transfer of populations, caused loss of youth and technical personnel, thus affected scientific, technological and cultural progress of africs. Economic destruction. 3. What was the basis for enslavement and some of its basic aspects?* Based on brutality, cultural genocide, and machinery of control. * Brutality physical, psychological, sexual * Cultural genocide destruction of political identities and heathenish units, families, cultural leaders, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control involved five mechanisms of control- laws, coercive bodies, the church, politically divisive strategies, plantation punishments * 4. itemisation and discuss the major forms of resistance to enslavement * Day-to-day resistance daily refusal and challenge with which A fricans confronted the enslavement system. include sabotage, breaking tools, destroying crops etc. * Abolitionism (underground railroad).* Emigrationism the push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * build up resistance revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * Cultural resistance used culture to inspire and maintain ones humanity through dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were some of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstruction? * White terrorist societies intensified. Ex ku klux klan * Congress did not give blacks the support they needed and they were essentially reintegrated back into the grey economy under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * Black codes (segregation and discrimination) and they didnt receive land, forcing them back to the plantation.* Supreme courts benefit through rulings favorable to the south * The Hayes-Tilden compromise in 1877- president hayes granted south federal troop withdrawal, leaving blacks to fend for themselves in racist society 6. What were some of the reasons for the great migration? * To break the racist south * Wanted to escape crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * growth of industry in the north, labor demands due to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, therefore no more unskilled laborers and domestic servants * The north promised blacks greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to struggle against injustice in the early 1900s? Discuss the black womens club movement.* Rose out of African cultural traditions which stressed responsibility to family and community which led to free black women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded first national conference of the colored women of America which established the national association of colored women * Also the Niagra movement, the NAACP and the urban alliance 8. Identify the major groups and leaders of th e 60s * Booker T. Washington major black leader of his time * W. E. B. DuBois white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey pan-africanist dedicated to building a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett journalist, organizer, lecturer and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 90s? * 70s 1.Challenges- began with retrieval from the massive suppression on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by music director J. Edgar Hoover) 2. Hoover tried to stifle any form of a black revolution 3. Affirmative action- rearward(a) discrimination 4. Achievements- blacks penetration and victories in electoral politics 5. Sought to build national independent power structures 6. Resurgence of pan-africanism * *80s 1. Challenges- continuing crisis of US society, rise of the vulgar and respectable right, continuing struggle to rebuild a black mass movement and appropriate alliances and coalitions in order to defend black gains, win new ones and minimize losses 2.Problem of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened level of electoral political activity among blacks 4. inaugural black governor (Virginia) * 90s 1. Challenges- increasing negative attitude of the Supreme Court to racial injustice and affirmative action, continuation of hate crimes, veto and later passage of 1991 civil rights act, increase in poverty 2. Achievements- preference of Bill Clinton and 39 blacks on congress and one black senator 10. Discuss the million persons marches. What were their similar concerns and their sum on the black community?* **Million man march/ day of absence- voiced concern about increasing racism, deteriorating social conditions, etc.and the impact on the world * -Day of absence women organized communities to stay away from transmission line/ school and to register people to vote and empower the community as a whole * -Created a sense of possibility and promise after there were increases in membe rship in organizations, adoption rates, mentoring programs and social activism * Million woman march- needed to energize the lives and struggles of black women *.Million youth march- same thing, but with youths (not a huge turnout) * All of these marches were a statement for self-consciousness as black men, women, and youth and the responsibility to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the beginning 21st century? * 2000 presidential preference and voter suppression (gore and bush), tragedy and aftermath of hurricane Katrina, HIV/AIDS epidemic, continuing police abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions.

Midwifery Today

Quilty_Lisa_MIDW127varlet 1 of 6 Midwifery models of c ar monitor the physical, psychological and social aspects of women doneout childbearing years. Technological advances bounce differing opinions of physicians where intervening measures take choices out of womens hands during put up, often neglecting needs turning a inseparcapable process into a medical checkup checkup exam procedure. This essay looks at choices passing gameed to women in westernized countries choosing accoucheusery models, in stark limit to an experience within hospital settings.It inspects beneficial impacts tocology models have on refugee women and the importance of cultural reliable obstetrics models practiced in tocology negociate in Australia. Financial recess threatens to impact on maternity services. This essay discusses this socio-political concern, and birthing women choosing midwifery lead carry off, its cost effectiveness and needs for change in remediation insurance arrangements in Au stralia and abroad. With technological advancements, women are offered many choices medically to birth their babies without real reasonableness to opt for such invasive procedures (Block, as cited in Chjnacki, 2010, pp. 3-54). Physicians philosophy to pregnancy is ordinarily disease oriented focusing on diagnosis and treatment of problematic pregnancies and birth, managing affecting cleaning lady and foetus (Rooks, as cited in Chjnacki, 2010, p. 48). In contrast, midwives have a wellness approach to birth applying holistic tutelage, rely pregnant women and their ability to safely birth their babies where medical interventions are avoided (Hermer, as cited in Chjnacki, 2010, p. 48).Although midwifery whitethorn be recognized as acceptable, focus seems to surround the thought mother and baby wont have prehend attention if something went wrong under their care. Lubic (2010) writes, in Washington USA it has been noted that midwife managed birthing piths demonstrated how midwifery models impact lives of Page 2 of 6 women attending for the better. Women report glide slope out of care feeling respected and able to take charge of their own pregnancies, supported to birth their babies naturally without interventions. Woman centred care established through continuity of care, gains trust and recognises the others sacred connection with her body and mind enhancing her natural birthing experience (Lubic, 2010). In Sweden pregnant women are boost to re principal(prenominal) home until labour kick upstairses to late stage avoiding unnecessary obstetric interventions. Women report fewer complications than those who are admitted to hospital for this phase (Carlsson, Ziegert, Sahlberg-Blom & Nissen, 2010, p. 86). It is not understood why women go to hospital while in early on labour, other than through anxiety and to hand over control (Beebe et al. , as cited in Carlsson, 2010, p. 87).This becomes problematic for women and causes doubts well-nigh their bodys abilit y to progress through labour, if monitoring establishes it is not progressing (Eri, Blystad, Gjengedal & Blaaka, as cited in Carlsson, 2010, p. 87). Although travail at home women felt they shared their uncertainties with midwives who were able to reassure them when in doubt, enabling them to then progress with their labour at home feeling confident with their own bodies progression (Carlsson, et al. , 2010). Carlsson (2010) states women reported to feel relaxed yet strengthened in their home environments, letting labour progress naturally.Despite health issues prevalent amongst refugee backgrounds, access to the appropriate health care can lead to significant improvements in reproductive health in women (Hymes, Sheik, Wilson & Speigel, as cited in Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 14). Refugee women settling in industrialised English speaking countries benefit significantly from midwifery models of care. It seems differences were intelligible in obstetric outcomes between these Page 3 of 6 women and women born in these countries (Small et al. , as cited in Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 14).Correa-Velez & Ryan (2011) suggest cultural competency or the degree to which these women are cared for, is of vital importance. Women report hospital waistcloth as having negative impact on their well universe and trust levels due to limited converse and cultural needs not being understood or met. The use of technical devices and lack of commentary for their use throughout labour was found to be distressing (Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 19). Trust, confidence and over all triumph were identified as important factors to women of refugee background, and thought to establish through continuity of care (Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 18).Women centred care improves communication, enhancing a sense of control enabling informed decision making (Harper et al. , & McCourt et al. , cited in Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 14). Relationships built around these midwifery models develop trust for women of immigrant ba ckgrounds, aiding communication where it can be a barrier and interpreters may be needed. handiness of interpreters through community based practitioners was found to be limited or obtained through clumsy instrument (Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 16). Maternity services accessed in Australia come from a diverse range of women with specific needs (Phiri, Dietsch & Bonner, 2010, p. 05). The egis of cultural groups depends on cultural safe midwifery practice. Midwifery models identify women of all cultures as the main focus of care (Phiri, et al. , 2010, p. 109). Cultural safety essentially concerns a large understanding of individual respect, support, say-so and upholding of human rights (Duffy, et al. , as cited in Phiri, et al. , 2010). Open and respectful communication clear and value free is rudimentary in recognizing womens requirements when planning individualized care, this is then incorporated into how cultural safe care is Page 4 of 6 instituted (De, et al. , as cited in Phiri, et al. 2010, p. 109). The uniqueness of midwives and womens relationships aids cultural safety, the relationship being enhanced by continuity of care (Eckermann, as cited in Phiri, et al. , 2010, p. 108). Deery & Kirkham (as cited in Phiri, et al. , 2010, p. 108) acknowledge how Australian midwifery models engage women individually, then respond appropriately to each womans cultural needs. turn up shows midwifery driven models of care based on the midwife woman relationship leads to lower use of medical interventions, safer outcomes for mothers and babies and overall satisfaction, all at low maternity costs (Hatem, et al. as cited in Gould, 2011). Yet in the UK, where midwifery based care in maternity services are envied world wide, the pecuniary recession threatens to be the largest risk (Gould, 2011). This highlights the need for midwifery models to be implemented and supported by all medical avenues, otherwise maternity services risk being pushed into large hospitals, where pr oduction line maternity care will be prevalent at costly effects (Gould, 2011) explains.This change would see an amalgamation of midwifery, medical and management structures, having potential to require long lasting impacts on the future of midwifery lead care where it becomes lost amongst medical models (Gould, 2011). The Australian College of Midwives, (ACM, 2008) outline how pregnant women and midwives suffer through the lack of professional pension insurance offered to midwives practicing privately. Sadly registered midwives frustrated at being unable to work to their full scope safely in private practices are choosing to stop practicing.Midwifery lead care is only available to a abject number of women, as only few midwives work this way (ACM, 2011, p. 3). Research suggests midwives find there models exceedingly rewarding and those Page 5 of 6 who have left the midwifery profession would return if they were able to work under such midwifery models safely (Curtis, as cited in ACM, 2011, p. 3). Recent Federal establishment recommendations in Australia recognise the need for midwives to take on primary care bureaus, and are considering changes to funding and indemnity insurance arrangements (Sutherland, et al. 2009, p. 637). Significant midwifery shortages particularly in rural areas combined with rising fertility range could present significant reform challenges keeping maternity services under pressure if it continues unresolved (Australian wellness Workforce Advisory Committee, as cited in Sutherland, et al. , 2009, p. 637). With some state based policy initiatives reinforcement midwifery care in the public sector, it seems women choosing on-going care offering midwifery models through pregnancy, birth and postnatally however remains in discussion (Sutherland, et al. 2009, p. 638). Governments, health care providers and insurance companies limit maternal choice (Hermer, as cited in Chojnacki, 2010, p. 48). Hermer (as cited in Chojnacki, 2010) sug gests as a pregnancy progresses in America, limitations for the womens birth options increase. A womans choice as to where and how she births her baby may greatly be constituted by the governing parties of a particular state (Hermer, as cited in Chojnacki, 2010, p. 59). Midwifery models of care offer women greater choice reflecting their own spiritual, religious, and feminist beliefs.It cannot be assumed how highly such values be ranked, and when in care of physicians, as patients it seems there is much misunderstanding (Cohen, as cited in Chjnacki, 2010, p. 51). This essay shows supporting evidence that midwives should be sole care providers for women experiencing normal pregnancies. Health care providers need to move forth from such medical models of care relating to pregnant women, understanding that it is in fact normal for women to have babies. Evidence shows that women Page 6 of 6 f refugee history acknowledge midwifery models provide continuity of care that is needed for on going support during pregnancy (Correa-Velez, 2011, p. 13). This also applies to cultural safe models offered by midwives, and the ongoing relevance it has on Australias multi cultural nation (Phiri, et al. , 2009, p. 105). It is vital that these midwifery models become supported through governments backing, enabling midwifery care to become a choice all women have the privilege to make through their own individual circumstances.In accordance with my research, harsh reality is lack of insurance coverage may limit womens options towards such significant happenings as birthing their babies, regardless of what is the best interest for them physically, mentally and spiritually (Law, as cited in Chojnacki, 2010, p. 75). Midwifery models of care will continue to play an important role in childbearing women worldwide, when choosing to remain in control of their own bodies capabilities or to simply have a choice. To what extent these models are advocated will greatly depend on individual g overnments, their change in policies, and financial support.Chojnacki (2010) concludes women choose their birthing options based on their spiritual, religious, political and feminist beliefs. Misunderstandings will remain between lawmakers, physicians and women as the importance of such opinions are trivialized (Cohen, as cited in Chojnacki, 2010, p. 51). Quilty_Lisa_MIDW127 References Australian College of Midwives. (2008). Submission to the Maternity Services study 2008. Retrieved from http//www. health. gov. au/internet/main/publishing. nsf/Content/maternityservicesreview-470/$FILE/470_Australian%20College%20of%20Midwives%20Student%20Advisory%20Committee. oc. Chojnacki, B. (2010). Pushing Back Protecting Maternal impropriety From the Living Room to the Delivery Room, Journal of Law and Health, 23 (45), 46- 78. Retrieved from http//develdrupal. law. csuohio. edu/currentstudents/studentorg/jlh/documents/5gChojnacki. pdf Phiri, J. , Dietsch, E. , & Bonner, A. (2009). Cultural safe ty and its importance for Australian midwifery practice. Women and Birth, 17 (3), 105-111. doi 10. 1016/j. colegn. 2009. 11. 001 Correa-Velez, I. , & Ryan, J. (2011).Developing a best practice model of refugee maternity care. Royal College of Nursing, Australia Elsevier, 25 (1), 13-22. doi 10. 1016/j. wombi. 2011. 01. 002 Sutherland, G. , Yelland, J. , Wiebe, J. , Kelly, J. , Marlowe, P. , & Brown, S. (2009). Role of general practitioners in primary maternity care in South Australia and Victoria. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 49 (6), 637-641. doi 10. 1111/j. 1479-828X. 2009. 01078x Carlsson, I. , Ziegert, K. , Sahlberg-Blom, E. , & Nissen, E. (2010).Maintaining power Womens experiences from labour onset in front admittance to maternity ward. Quilty_Lisa_MIDW127 School of Social and Health Sciences, Halmstad University Sweden. Elsevier. 28 (1), 86-92. doi 10. 1016/j. midw. 2010. 11. 011 Lubic, R. (2010). The family health and birth centre a nurse -midwife-managed centre in Washington, DC Perspectives on Nursing Practice. Alternative Therapies, 16 (5). Retrieved from http//www. scribd. com/InnoVision%20Health%20Media/d/37370523-The-Family- Health-and-Birth-Center%E2%80%94A-Nurse-

Phoneme Confusion Essay

An under plinthing of why learners often confuse the phonemes /b/ and /d/ begins with understanding the fundamental difference between a phoneme and a grapheme. The term phoneme refers to a staple fibre sound found within a language, such as the sounds that are represented by the garner /b/ and /d/. The grapheme represents the actual symbol used to denote those sounds (Reutzel & Cooter, 2004). In most Indo-European languages, the initial sounds of the words b altogether and dog are represented by these same symbols /b/ and /d/.The problem that children normally have with these sounds lies not in their confusion of the actual sounds or phonemes, but in the similarities between the two graphemes used to represent them (Goldstein, 2007). The problem that children usually have is in figuring fall out which sound goes with which earnnot actually in differentiating the sounds themselves (Macauslan & Quinn, 1976). This can be ascertained because it is often the exemplar that children who make the mistake of mixing up the two sounds by geting usually manage to babble without replacing either phoneme with the other (Goldstein, 2007).It is usually the case, therefore, that the problem lies with the visual aspect of the grapheme itself. The earn /b/ and /d/ are both very similarly constructed each is made up of a electric circuit with a engender attached. When trying to differentiate between /b/ and /d/, children forget which side the stick should be on. Even in the phonologically aware child, each symbol sometimes succeeds in calling to psyche both the sounds associated with the two letters (Goldstein, 2007). However, the child has a problem assigning the correct sound to the kosher letter not because of an inherent reading problem, but because of an inability to properly orient the form of the letter in order to make the decision (Macauslan & Quinn, 1976).There as several formal and informal methods of transaction with this form of confusion. One method is simply to teach the letters separately. By teaching the phoneme-grapheme /b/ initially, the student is allowed to become thoroughly familiar with the letter and its makeup. This familiarity will also extend itself to the sound or phoneme that is to be associated with it. Once the student can distinguish that this (b) is the letter b (bee), then that child will be less likely to confuse it with the other. Then, one it is established that the child knows /b/ and can distinguish it from all other letters and forms, the phoneme/grapheme /d/ can be introduced.Other methods of dealing with this issue inhabit to deal with a confusion that has already surfaced. Some teachers use mnemonic devices such as the formation of the letter with the hand. By holding the middle finger and the thumb together while allowing the forefinger to stand straight up, one can approximate the formation of /b/ on the left hand and /d/ on the right. By assigning a name to each formation such as bell ringer to t he left and dog to the right, the child might be prompted to remember which letter goes with each sound by listening to the onset of each word.It may also be useful to point out the semblance between the lower and upper-case Bs. By reminding the student that the lower-case /b/ is merely a B with the upper semicircle missing, it might help oneself to remind him/her which letter corresponds with what sound. However, this may not prove generally helpful at the early ages, at which stage children are often likely to reverse all letters (including uppercase B) without readily noticing the difference.The child who is phonologically aware may still demonstrate confusion of the phonemes represented by the symbols /b/ and /d/ because of the similarity in the appearance of the two. These children may be otherwise quite able-bodied to perform the psychological and physical actions necessary to become good readers. However, such otherwise good readers may persist in confusing the two for quite a few years. The problem is not usually a great one and may be overcome using several mnemonic devices that serve to reinforce the distinction in the appearance of the two graphemes.ReferencesGoldstein, E. B. (2007). Cognitive psychology connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing.Macauslan, A. & V. Quinn. (1976). The rotation of confusable letters in the writing of depressed children. Child Care, Health and Development. 2(6) 379-386.Reutzel, D. R. & R. B. Cooter. (2004). The essentials of teaching children to read what every teacher needs to know. Upper Saddle River Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.

Harry Potter and Culture Industry Essay

ravage putter this name is familiar with all the age groups in the world forthwith and the reason behind it is well known to all of us. The Harry Potter accommodate series written by a single m opposite J. K. Rowling, who wouldnt have imagined in her wildest dreams that a story she image of composition travelling in a train, would gain so a great deal popularity. So much so that her character and her name would become a household name across the globe J. K. Rowling Harry Potter bears came into the securities industry in 1998.The first part called Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone gained a lot of popularity with the kids and slowly with the adults too. Due to its huge victor it was converted into a motion picture as well and so the first movie when on to release in the year 2001. Subsequently the other parts (books) were out in the market and the movies started releasing as well. Of course it was after the stupendous success of the initial books that J. K. Rowling was e ncouraged to write on the further parts.So what is it in Harry Potter that attracts so much attention? Or what is it that makes mint want to read a 600-700 pages long book once more and again. This isnt secure a single book we argon talking about, solely all book in the series is read all over again by people repeatedly. These books tell us the story of an orphan, Harry who lives with his aunt Petunia and uncle Vernon, and not to forget his huge sized cousin Dudely with a nut sized brain. He leads a miserable life until the he turns 11, when he garners that he is real a wizard.He is admitted to the Horgwarts check of Witchcraft and Wizardry. So follows his journey of magical experiences. Very unique nevertheless impressionable characters are introduced in the book in Rowlings own style. The books detailing his experiences at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry have bred passion, obsession, creativity, and a bare-ass or renewed interest in yarn throughout the world. JK Rowling has created an elaborate cast of characters and an environment for them to inhabit that appeals to adults and children alike.The fantasy aspect of the wizarding world expands the imagination, and transports the mind to new and exciting places introducing magic opens new realms of possibilities within the plots. Anything could happen. Her intricate stories contain strands of the believable and unbelievable, altering the predictability that readers commonly jar against and endure in fiction. Harry Potter Movie Poster These factors contributed to the Harry Potter Phenomena which actually brush across the world as soon as the movie series became huge jibes Young children started identifying with Harrys shy but brave character.The terrifying Lord Voldemort and how he is after Harrys life, after having murdered his parents when Harry was a baby. The innocence of school life along with the mixture of magic, hit childrens minds like the Magic Bullet Theory, wherein, the informa tion seen by audiences hits their minds like bullets and penetrates within. At the same time, the themes drive the stories resonate with classic literature, offering mature readers tales that wear like a comfortable pair of shoes, while introducing younger readers to conceits they will encounter throughout their lives.The main theme of the series is the subject of many theories, including, but not limited to good versus evil, prejudice, love, death, sacrifice, wizship and loyalty. In actuality, all of these elements contribute to the timeless nature of the stories. As and when the books started getting really famous with a specific target audience, the first big leap that was taken to expand the entire Harry Potter concept were the movies. When the movies were made they went on to click with the younger as well as the older audiences.One part after the other, the movies became darker slowly loosing the initial happy and knowing appearance. They now started seeming more real and practical. There was a feel of there is more to Harry Potter than what you expect. The covers of all books started having two versions, one which was bright and the other dark and mysterious so that the books would appeal to adults as well. Slowly there was Harry Potter everywhere There was Culture labor starting to take place because of the entire Harry Potter concept.By Culture sedulousness we fuddled that suddenly a particular thing which is extremely popular is produced in front of us in many different ways. It is claimed by the respective producers that their product is unique and adds more to a particular franchise. This concept focuses on media and marketing. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno define the Culture Industry through its focus on the media and plentifulness marketing. This persistence is unique in that it does not reflect economic processes and essentially becomes homogenous thus, variation is meaningless.The Culture Industry is characterized by three spec ific ideas Monopoly, Mass Production, and Technology. So there is lesser control over work of certain products and lesser control in the market. Hence when a certain product is newly launched in the market, people rush to purchase it and explore that particular product. So what happens when the novelty of that product wears off? Simple, other product is launched in the market and promoted on its unique properties. But the actual catch here is that every product is almost similar to one another, but it is sold as being different from the earlier one.Hence people are urged to buy them. This also gives them another product in place of the preliminary one. This is termed as Pseudo Singularity rightly meaning false singularity. This is how the culture industry also called as Mass Industry works. When Culture Industry meets something like Harry Potter, what is created is a huge successful mass industry which becomes immensely lucrative and popular. Also when the subject is like Harry, who mainly appeals to people due to his ruttish appeal, his belief in friendship, love and braveness.These are the factors on which several(a) products apart from movies like merchandise are publicized to people. There are Harry Potter theme based amusement parks, the costumes, competitions to test your HP knowledge, digital games and websites like Pottermore where you actually live Harrys life. You are sorted into different houses just like in the book and you face different adventures like Harry. There are things taken from the book which will entertain and amuse people. Like the broom used to play the game Quidditch again an notional concept of a game like football but you are actually flying on broomsticks.Harry Potter wands, cards, hats, glasses and the famous scar which Harry have all became commodities and we are judge to purchase them. The main objective here is to make people feel like Harry himself. Examples of various Harry Potter Merchandise So even if J. K. Rowling has completed her set of books, producers still want to trace the profits from this subject. Hence, even after she officially completed her books, due to tremendous response and popular shoot she wrote another book where people know what happens after Harry defeats Lord Voldemort and finishes his studies from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft andWizardry. So much is the popularity of Harry Potter. Not only Harry, but other main characters like Hermoine and Ron (Harrys better friends), Professor Dumbledore, Hagrid, Sirius Black etc have gained a connect with the audiences. There is a spot generated that my best friend to needs to be like Ron or I wish I could study magic. This feeling of longingness is usurped but the producers to contribute more to the culture industry These feelings are then used by the people to generate more and more profits, hence trips to the castle where Harry Potter was shot are arranged.though a particular location is not used continuously in the movies, th ey keep changing, but so much is the craze that people travel all the way to Scotland just to see where their Hero spent this school days. All in all a different culture itself is created and we dont realize it. Such is the nature culture industry and it prevails n todays world to a much greater extent. The main feeling of Love always triumphs over the evil makes Harry Potter what it is. I would like to end my putting in a famous citation in the book- It is our choices that show what we authentically are, far more than our abilities.J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, 1999, spoken by the character Albus Dumbledore This is one of the most famous quotes from the series and rightly, it is our choices that make us who we are. People chose to love Harry Potter even though the entire concept being imaginary because it has appealed to their hearts. It is this emotional factor which makes us give in to the market and producers but in the end, they are our choices, aren t they?

Containerization, Unitized Cargo and Cargo Containers

ONCEPT OF CONTAINERIZATION The conteainerization is a physical distribution method that consumptions a container as a way of tranporting the consignment. Is an inter-modal organisation of steering the general weight or product in lots. With containerization goods ar moved easier from one place to some new(prenominal) with the help of the containers which freighter be loaded intact onto the container ships, trucks, railroad cars and planes. Nowadays, containerization is the innovative key in the field of logistics that helps to organize cargo in an efficient, better and save way.Benefits of containerization If you visit a port, you would notice that all exile containers are really similar in turn. The introduction of containerization has revolutionised the way cargo is handled. The standardization of container sizes, shapes, and forms lowered warhead charges and costs. Containerization also improved cargo security. First, the box effectively hides whatever cargo from th e casual viewer. Next, the container doors are so employ upon closing. The doors also prevent the cargo from falling out the back of the box.Finally, uniformly sized shipping containers fasten railway cargo problems that are caused by incompatible rail measures in different countries, making trans-shipment among different measure trains faster and easier. When transporting goods to an international location, there are many container ships that run regular routes to a variety of destinations. This helps the customer to receive the order in less time. CONTAINERIZED pack LOSS CONTROLCONTAINERIZED CARGO The use of intermodal containers for the transport of a great variety of cargo has become increasingly popular in recent years. Intermodalism is a oncept that embraces the movement and transfer of standardized cargo containers by sea, air and surface. It has greatly trim down cargo handling, particularly in Door-to-Door shipments.The development of specialized containers with a wide range of types, sizes and configurations permits containerization of virtually cargo. Undamaged arrival of the complete shipment at destination is the first objective of the shipper. In committing goods to containerized transport, the shipper stooge reduce losses by * Select the straightlaced container service. * Selecting the right type of container for the goods in question. Inspecting the container to ensure proper accommodation and protection of goods. * Packaging goods to withstand the hazards of the toughest leg of the journey. * Stowing and securing goods in the container to prevent damage to the goods, container ? and transport vehicle. * Properly describing and documenting the container contents, locking and sealing the ? container and recording container and seal numbers on all shipping documents. * well-timed un freightage at destination. Intermodal variations ?The popular intermodal container, adaptable to drug dealer by truck, railcar, and some other, is the most common form of containerization.The considerations governing preparation and shop of the cargo in these containers are no longer applicable to other methods of cargo transport. Cargo Containers? 1. End Loading, Fully Enclosed The basic intermodal container with end doors, suitable for general cargo not requiring environmental control while enroute. 2. Side Loading, Fully Enclosed Equipped with side doors for use in stowing and discharge of cargo where it is not practical to use end doors, as when the container mustiness remain on a railcar while cargo is placed in or removed(p) from the container. 3.Open TopUsed for carriage of heavy, bulky or awkward items where loading or discharge of the cargo through end or side doors is not practical. Most open kick the bucket containers are equipped with fabric covers and are often termed soft or rag top containers. Some open top versions are fitted with removable hatch-type panel covers or detachable full metal roof. 4. VentilatedEquipp ed with ventilating ports on ends or sides, and used for heat generating cargo or cargo requiring protection from condensation (sweat) damage. Versions with powered air-circulating fans are purchasable.Vents are normally fitted with baffles to prevent entry of sea or rain water. 5. InsulatedFor cargo that should not be exposed to rapid or sudden temperature changes. Available in ventilated or non-ventilated versions. Some carriers put up containers with heating systems for special applications. 6. RefrigeratedInsulated and equipped with a built-in refrigeration sys-tem, powered by luff electrical connection or by diesel or gasoline generator. It is used primarily for foods or other commodities requiring a temperature con-trolled environment. 7. Liquid BulkTank-type containers for carriage of liquids.Some have been designed to high level specifications for carriage of certain hazardous materials. 8. Dry BulkDesigned for carriage of bulk cargo such as dry chemicals and grains. 9. F lat RackAvailable in a variety of sizes and models, the flat racks are used for lumber, mill products, bombastic, heavy, bulky items, machinery and vehicles. Some are equipped with removable sides. 10. Auto Used for carriage of vehicles and lendable in enclosed or open versions.? 11. Livestock Configured for the nature of livestock carried containers are available for transporting poultry, cattle and other livestock.Also, transport boxes can be loaded onto flats. 12. Controlled Atmosphere-These systems carry a cylinder of liquid nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Through computer-based controls, the atmosphere within the container can be maintained at preset levels to meet requirements of commodity carried. Used mainly in the transport of produce to extend the post-harvest and transshipment center life. 13. High CubeThese containers are used for high volume/low weight cargo and can greatly increase the cubic area available for cargo stowage. High cube containers are in heights to 9. 5 feet and to lengths of a maximum of 48 feet. 4. GarmentWith special tie downs and internal detonator fittings, this container can handle hanging garments. UNITIZED CARGO It a system used to transport goods that are incase in small volumes, can be consolidated or grouped into a single large volume (container), making sure that those godos are not easily destroyed. At the same time, it facilitates the handling and loading cargo or unloading of it. Unitarization It is the aggrupation of shipment in the corresponding type of package that is over a pallet and secure from damages to manipulate transport and warehouse as a whole unit of load.One of the first attempts of unitarizing the cargo is within the pallet, that is about placing the shipment over a platform, which is constructed with a variety of materials. Actually, pelleting and containerizing are the most common modalities of unitarizing the cargo. Unitarized cargo is composed of individual articles such as boxes, packages a nd other elements are primarily separated and then grouped together as pallets or containers. In other words unitarization is the deal ready to be transported. There are some norms that have been developed to facilitate this process.For example, one is the ISO 3394 that ha to do with the size and dimensions of the boxes and pallets. Another norm is ISO 7000 that has to do with the code bars in the merchandize. Unitarization in containers is very important because it helps to maintain and preserve the intersection in good conditions, is easier to transport it and it helps to save space in all the process of storage. And, when unitarizing cargo, in international markets, is very important to be informed of the rules and techniques that are followed by the Country for doing packing.Advantages of unitarization Optimization of time when manipulating the cargo in warehouses, cargo terminals, and in the unload of cargo in ports. It facilitates the reception and control in the delivery of merchandise. Well use of space and reduction of damages when the merchandise is handled. Simplifies the management of inventory and improves the identification of products. It provides multiple use in the process of production, goods transportation, international transportation, in the storage and warehousing.